Connectors and linkers (PART 1)

Contrast

.     In spite of / Despite Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase. 

.     Although / (Even) though Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a sentence. 

.     However / Nevertheless / Still / Yet / Even so / On the contrary / In contrast. Introduce a new idea which marks a contrast with previously stated ideas. Introduced by a comma. 

.     On the one hand ... On the other hand. Links two contrasting ideas / paragraphs. 

.     In contrast to / Contrary to. Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase. 

.     Whereas Link two contrasting ideas. Not separated by commas. 

Reason and cause

.     Because / As / Since / Seeing that Introduce a sentence. Subordinate sentences introduced by because always appear in final position. 

.     Because of / On account of / Owing to / Due to. Introduce a noun phrase. 

Purpose

.     In order to / So as to Introduce an infinitive of purpose.

.     In order that / So that Introduce a sentence. 

Consequence

    . Consequently / As a consequence / As a result / Therefore   

    . As a consequence of / As a result of Followed by a noun phrase. 

.     So Introduces a sentence. No commas.   

Addition

    . Moreover / Furthermore / In addition / Besides / What's more Used after a strong pause and separated from the sentences. They are introduced by a comma. 

    . As well as / In addition to / Besides Used to add  one more piece of information. Followed by a noun phrase. 

. Exemplification

      For example / For instance Introduces an example referring to previously stated ideas. 

.     Such as Introduces an example referring to the last idea.

CONNECTORS

Contrast

. but / yet: followed by a noun phrase or a sentence. 

‘The book is short but / yet interesting’

. in spite of / despite: It is placed at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.

‘He arrived on time despite / in spite of getting up late’

although / though/ even though / in spite of the fact that: followed by a complete sentence. They can be placed at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence. If it is placed at the beginning we need to use a comma after the clause.  

  ‘Although / though / even though / in spite of the fact that the pupils had not studied, they all passed their exams’. 

  

. however, nevertheless, even so, on the one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary: 

‘He was quite ill however/ nevertheless/ even so, he went to school’

  

. while, whereas   

‘This film is very interesting, while/whereas that one is quite boring’  

Reason and cause

. because, as since, seeing that:  

‘Because / as / since / seeing that it’s late, we should go home’ 

. because of, on account of, owing to, due to: 

    ‘Because of / on account of / owing to / due to the weather, we stayed at home’

. in order to, so as to, to: 

‘She uses her video in order to / so as to / to record TV programmes’ 

Add information

. for example, for instante, such as: 

‘Vegetables are a good source of vitamins: for example / for instance, oranges have vitamin C’ 

. more over, furthermore, besides, in addition to: 

‘In addition to soul music, she likes rap’ 

. apart from, except for: 

‘Apart from English, she speaks French’.

Succession

. - First of all / Firstly / To begin with / First …. 

 - Second / Secondly / Then … 

 - Third / Thirdly / After that...

 - The next stage … 

 - Finally / in short / to sum up / in conclusion / lastly / last but not least…  

  

 Result

. As a result of: 

‘As a result of his brave action, he was awarded a military medal. 

Therefore, as a result, consequently, for this reason: 

‘Consequently / for this reason, it always passes its annual road test’. 

Order

First parragraph

At first sight: A primera vista
First: En primer lugar
First of all: Antes que nada
In the first place: En primer lugar
To start with: Para empezar


Second parragraph

In the second place: En segundo lugar
Second: Segundo
Secondly: En segundo lugar
Third: Tercero
Thirdly: En tercer lugar


Conclusion

Finally: Por último
In conclusion: Para concluir
Lastly: Por último
And eventually: Y finalmente


Adding information

apart from: Aparte de
in addition: Además
in addition to: Además de
What’s more: Además; lo que es más
moreover: Además
on top of that: Además
besides: Además
On the one hand: Por una parte
On the other hand: Por otra parte
and eventually: Y finalmente



Contrast

all the same: a pesar de todo
however: sin embargo
instead of: en vez de
in spite of / despite: a pesar de
nevertheless: no obstante
on the contrary: por el contrario
whereas / while: mientras
though / although: aunque



Reason

because of + noun: a causa de
due to + noun: debido a
due to the fact that + sentence: debido a que
for this / that reason:  por esta / esa razón
owing to + noun: debido a
owing to the fact that + sentence: debido a que



Result

as a result: como resultado
because of: a causa de
consequently: en consecuencia
so: por lo tanto
that's why: por eso, por esa razón...
therefore: por lo tanto



Expressing facts
actually: en realidad
as a matter of fact: de hecho
in fact: de hecho
really: en realidad



Expressing a personal opinion
as far as I am concerned por lo que a mí respecta
from my point of view desde mi punto de vista
I agree estoy de acuerdo
I disagree no estoy de acuerdo
in my opinion en mi opinión
in my view según lo veo
I think that creo que
it is true that es verdad que
personally personalmente
to be honest, para ser honesto
to tell the truth, a decir verdad



Explain

that is (to say): es decir
in other words: en otras palabras
in short: en resumenabove all: sobre todo

all in all: en general

at least: al menos

basically: básicamente, fundamentalmente

especially: especialmente, sobre todo

essentially: esencialmente

in general: en general

in particular: en particular

more or less: más o menos

on the whole: en general

to a certain extent: hasta cierto punto

Exemplifying
and so on: etcétera

for example: por ejemplo

for instance: por ejemplo

such: as tal(es)como

Summarizing
all in all: en suma

in brief: en resumen

in conclusion: Para concluir

in short: en resumen

on the whole: en general

to sum up: Para resumir

Sequencing
after that: después de eso

all of a sudden: de repente

Finally: Finalmente

First of all: En primer lugar

in the end: al final

in the meantime: mientras tanto

meanwhile: mientras tanto

next: luego

suddenly: de repente

then: entonces, después

while: mientras